Therefore, several ongoing research projects internationally investigate the physicochemical and mechanical properties of traditional adobe bricks and the design/production of optimized adobes, with improved characteristics, for use in contemporary architecture. Furthermore, the simplicity, low cost and almost negligible embodied energy associated with the production of adobes, as well as their good thermal and acoustic properties, render them an attractive option for use in contemporary sustainable construction. Today, despite no longer being a prevalent building material, adobes are still in use, since a number of earthen structures survive worldwide. Extensive use of the material throughout the centuries has led to strong local traditions of building with earth and has established adobe masonry as an important feature of the international architectural heritage. Ioannou, Ioannis Eftychiou, Marina Costi de Castrillo, Maria Illampas, RogirosĪdobe bricks were first introduced 10-12,000 years ago. However, the clay content varies in adobes from different regions, providing distinct durability characteristics to these materials.Ĭharacterization, reproduction and optimization of traditional adobe bricks It was concluded that air lime was generally used in adobe compositions. As adobe blocks are extremely prone to the action of water the Geelong test was undertaken in order to provide information in terms of durability. Additionally, the mineral composition of powder samples and oriented samples was performed using XRD analysis in order to determine the clay minerals present in the blocks.
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Methylene blue test was also executed in order to determine the clay fraction. For this purpose FRX analysis, acid dissolution and dry sieving were performed. The determination of the composition of adobe blocks encompassed the determination of the binder fraction and of their chemical composition and also the particle size analysis of the aggregate. Adobe samples were collected from residential buildings in two different locations. The current study is an initial step in the characterization of earth based construction materials from central Portugal. So as to ensure the adequacy of these actions and compatibility between original materials and new ones, a thorough study of adobe compostion is mandatory.
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In order to preserve this heritage, conservation actions must be undertaken. Although some adobes were manufactured locally, most were produced almost 'industrially' and sold to nearby regions. Adobes from central Portugal are distinctive as they are lightly coloured and made from air lime and quarry sand. Currently, a significant percentage of these buildings is vacant and many are degraded and in need of conservation actions. This type of construction technique lasted until the 20th Century, at which time cementitious materials, with faster hardening and greater structural capacity substituted traditional materials and techniques. Varum, H.Īdobe buildings are common in the central region of Portugal due to the lack of natural stone in the surrounding area. Adobe origins and safety and reclamation are discussed. A significant savings is realized because Adobe has its own shop to rebuild all major engines and power train components when necessary. In 1982 Adobe topped 2 million tons per year in coal production. a day, 7 days a week, and runs its 3 preparation plants 24 hrs. This article describes how a mining company produces coal at its 10 surface operations 24 hrs.
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Six Adobe Presenter trainings were presented to 62 volunteers preparing to provide information at a public outreach event. This article describes Adobe Presenter's many features and explains which most strongly affect learning.
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Evaluation of Adobe Presenter as a Teaching ToolĮRIC Educational Resources Information CenterĪdobe Presenter software provides educators with a tool to create narrated distance learning presentations.